A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung
A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung fa a̱tyin kyang ka ma̱nang woda a̱byin á̱ nnyia̱ kam a̱ni, la̱mba. 15 (kap 1865), á̱ ku kpaat jen zwang ji mbwak a̱mgba̱m muna̱pyia̱ byia̱ William Tecumseh Sherman ma̱ a̱tuk 16, Zwat Jhyung 1865, di̱n jen ma̱nang Zwang A̱yaasaia̱toot A̱merika, á̱ ghwon A̱kasa njhyang na sa sang a̱ ni a̱byin, mi̱ a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱byin shi a̱swap swak.[1] Á̱ labeang bah Sherman si̱ tyia̱ a̱khwo a̱khwop ba si̱ khwuap A̱li̱fada̱ris da̱nian a̱ga̱rari̱ya ba yong ma̱ cet. Woda a̱byin wu si̱ khwi nvak a̱lyiat tsattsak a̱tyulyuut Zwang Edwin M. Stanton ma̱ng yang byia̱ kyang hyia̱ Repobi̱lik tyiak ma̱ a̱vwuo Charles Sumner ma̱ng Tadi̱yot Si̱tiven gbi̱ri̱m ku bu nkhwi a̱ni huhwa yet Sa a̱keang khwo byan fwuo hu mbwak Zwang A̱saia̱toot A̱merika. Ba ku ghwut ma̱ da̱nian ya̱weap 400,000 acres (160,000 ha) ma̱ a̱byin ka hyiak A̱ti̱lantik a̱beama̱sa̱khwot nsi̱ A̱tyin Carolina, Georgia, ma̱ng Folori̱da ma̱ng saat ka da̱ a̱kpikpit ba swak a̱kpa 40 acres (16 ha),[2] ma̱ si̱ hu ma̱nang á̱ za na jhya tyan ca̱caat a̱ka̱cak cyicop 18,000 a̱kasa a̱khwo ma̱ng a̱dyudyung a̱niet a̱gyang ba̱ za ku swan mi̱ a̱tyia̱tyiat na a̱ni.
A̱lyiak á̱nietsang nwuak a̱cucuk, da̱nian a̱lyiak a̱nietkwai nfwuo a̱byin ba kan tak ba nkyang ma̱di̱di̱t, nyia̱ ba byia̱ cet ba san a̱byin ka da̱ mȧ̱nang tyia̱ mba da̱ khwo ba nyia̱ tam ma̱nang a̱khwo a̱wot ba si̱ yong ma̱ cet ba yet cet cong ma̱ bibyin ku kan ngyet su mba a̱ni. A̱niet sang tung á̱ saai mam nang da̱ hyia̱ doka ba ci̱t a̱ka̱lauu 40 a̱byin ka.[3] A̱wot a̱nyia̱, Ibrahim Li̱ncon's a̱tyu ya a̱nwyauan da̱ yet A̱kwaka̱son, A̱darawut Johnson, kwan gu li gu ci̱t a̱wat Sherman's ma̱ Jenzwang kam lamba. 15 a̱wot kyang ntai ghwut ku mun mi̱ si̱ a̱ka̱feang hu Byia̱tyok teang Bureau.
A̱ka̱byin njhyang ma̱nang á̱ bu kau a̱ni neet mbwak faat hukunci a̱khwot a̱khwop bya ma̱ jen zwang ji a̱wot ma̱ ba di̱da̱i jen a̱zanson. Ba̱ng a̱nyia̱, kwai nfwuo a̱niet a̱kaeangtung ka ma̱ng si̱tet ma̱ jen gbi̱ri̱m ma̱ng nyia̱n a̱ka̱nok ma̱ ce a̱hwa á̱ tyan ta̱m teang kurum, kang ma̱ng kurum a̱tyu byia̱ a̱byin, si̱ a̱dyudyung a̱niet. Hu shyim tat ka̱ka̱p a̱ka̱tyong a̱byin ka ma̱ng jen zwang ma̱nang kuyet á̱ bwuok nat a̱swuom-zwang a̱sai á̱nietbyia̱.[4] A̱lyiak a̱ka̱keang a̱dyundyung a̱niet a̱gyang ni̱n kwan ba mwong si̱sak ba ncong ma̱ a̱byin mba ka a̱ni, a̱wot a̱ka̱sa njhyang ci̱t byibyin fai di̱n vak Nta̱mswát. A̱byin A̱dyudyung a̱niet ka mbeang tyan mak mi̱ Mississippi, ma̱sa̱ma̱ng a̱ca̱caat ndyia̱ 19th. Si̱tet ji byia̱ a̱lyiak li kya̱kyak jhyia̱byin (Lat alluvial a̱byin kpa̱nkpaan ma̱ a̱ghyui) a̱ma̱ta a̱zaghyia̱ghyui a̱ka̱vwuo ma̱nang á̱ mi̱n cak na kafin zwang ji. Á̱lyiak a̱dyudyung a̱niet a̱gyang shyiat byibyin di̱n vak niat congdyo, ma̱nang a̱tyu byia̱ a̱vwuo hu yong ma̱ng with ownership 15 million acres (6.1 million hectares) ku a̱la̱fikauu ~23,000 mi̱ a̱swap mi̱t 1910, á̱ du shyia̱ a̱gang shyiat kurum ya̱baat li̱lyim swat kunak kurum ku kwuat kyang ku mbyia̱ mi̱ lyin nkyang a̱lyiak a̱niet.
A̱ta̱bat
[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]Ta̱mpi̱let:Khwo A̱f̱rika A̱merika ba fa̱k a̱bung lakli a̱wot ba si̱ nyip hu ma̱nang fuut lakli hwa a̱ni "a̱buka̱lyem" a̱kpa nsot di̱ hyia̱ tyok a̱buka̱lyem seang ma̱ng nvwuong Ngwap.[5] Á̱ sii̱ du kwan zwang a̱saia̱toot ba, a̱lyiak a̱niet swatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika shyia̱ ma̱ng swat hu mi̱ A̱za kya, a̱vwuo ka ma̱nang khwo ncyok a̱ni. A̱niet nswatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika ba ma̱ jen jhyang ku swa na ma̱nang ta̱m-ntsang hwa á̱ kwak a̱keang ka dyo da̱nian ba ni byia̱ a̱di̱dam ba nyia̱ ta̱m hu da̱ lat a̱ka̱kurum na lan a̱shong a̱niet ba. Nda̱nduk, ba̱ ku nwuan hu ma̱nang tyia̱i vaknswuom ma̱ a̱ si̱ ba ba̱ bwat khwo hu a̱ ja a̱ni. Da̱noan si̱ a̱hwa, a̱khwo swatsa̱t byia̱ a̱wot mi̱ a̱lyiak a̱ka̱keang nsi̱ a̱si̱tet a̱byin A̱merika bah.[6]
Mi̱ A̱tyinIn, a̱buk nkamm tyia̱ a̱si̱tet ba tyia̱ a̱niet swatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika da̱ khwo ba nyia̱ ta̱m khwo a̱wot jen jhyang ba̱ lyia̱i mba ma̱mi khwo ka.[7][8] A̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱nyia̱, a̱niet nswatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika seang kai a̱byin ka nyia̱ nkyang ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t si̱ a̱bwuang, ma̱ mun ma̱ng a̱di̱dai shyi a̱kpa a̱nyanyan byia̱ ku bang ta̱m hu ku si tyak a̱ka̱khap a̱nsham.[9] A̱kum shyia̱ ma̱ng swat hu mi̱ a̱za Canada (ma̱nini Ontario a̱̱tak), ma̱ng a̱mgba̱m a̱vwuo yong A̱taintuut A̱tafa a̱byin, a̱wot mi̱ Nova Si̱koti̱ya.[8].[10] [11] .[12] [13]. [14]. [15] . .[16].
Ya̱fang
[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]- ↑ "Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865". www.freedmen.umd.edu.
- ↑ O.R. Series 1, Volume 47, Part 2, 60–62
- ↑ Foner, Eric (2014). Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877. Harper. ISBN 978-0062035868. OCLC 877900566.
- ↑ fultonk (2013-01-06). "The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' | African American History Blog". The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross (in American English). Retrieved 2024-10-20.
- ↑ Woodson 1925, p. xv
- ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xvi–xviii
- ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xxiiv–xxiv
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Woodson 1925, pp. xli–xlii
- ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xxxvi, xlii–xliii
- ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xx, xxxviii–xl
- ↑ Mitchell 2001, pp. 523–524
- ↑ Dyer 1943, p. 54
- ↑ Lacy K. Ford (2009). Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-975108-2.
- ↑ Woodson 1925, pp. xl–xli
- ↑ "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed", This Day In History, History website.
- ↑ "Draft Constitution of Virginia". 1776.
Nkyang Nwuan
[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]- Belz, Herman (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861–1866. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976; New York: Fordham University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780823220113.
- Bonekemper, Edward H. (July 1970). "Negro Ownership of Real Property in Hampton and Elizabeth City County, 1860–1870". Journal of Negro History. 55 (3). JSTOR 2716419. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Boyd, Willis D. (July 1959). "The Île a Vache Colonization Venture, 1862–1864". The Americas. 16 (1): 45–62. doi:10.2307/979258. JSTOR 979258. S2CID 146849257. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Byrne, William A. (Spring 1995). "'Uncle Billy' Sherman Comes to Town: The Free Winter of Black Savannah". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 79 (1): 91–116. JSTOR 40583184. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Cohen, William (1991). At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1621-1.
- Cox, LaWanda (December 1958). "The Promise of Land for the Freedmen". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 45 (3): 413–440. doi:10.2307/1889319. JSTOR 1889319. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- Drago, Edmund L. (Fall 1973). "How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 57 (3): 361–375. JSTOR 40579903. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. New York: Russell & Russell.
- Dyer, Brainerd (March 1943). "The Persistence of the Idea of Negro Colonization". Pacific Historical Review. 12 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/3633335. JSTOR 3633335. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Engs, Robert Francis (1979). Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7768-6.
- Foner, Eric (2011) [1989]. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062035868.
- Foner, Eric (1988). "The Languages of Change: Sources of Black Ideology During the Civil War and Reconstruction". Quaderno II: The Languages of Revolution]. Milan Group in Early United States History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
- Hahn, Steven; Miller, Stephen F.; O'Donovan, Susan E.; Rodrigue, John C.; Rowland, Leslie S. (2008). Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867; Series 3: Volume 1: Land and Labor, 1865. [Text includes unattributed essays from the editors.] University of North Carolina Press.
- Hermann, Janet Sharp (1981). The Pursuit of a Dream. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195028872.
- Jackson, L.P. (April 1925). "The Origin of Hampton Institute". Journal of Negro History. 10 (2): 131–149. doi:10.2307/2713934. JSTOR 2713934. S2CID 150288378. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- James, Josef C. (April 1954). "Sherman at Savannah". Journal of Negro History. 39 (2): 127–137. doi:10.2307/2715755. JSTOR 2715755. S2CID 149703494. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Lockett, James D. (June 1991). "Abraham Lincoln and Colonization: An Episode That Ends in Tragedy at L'Ile a Vache, Haiti, 1863–1864". Journal of Black Studies. 21 (4): 428–444. doi:10.1177/002193479102100404. JSTOR 2784687. S2CID 144846693. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Magness, Phillip W.; Page, Sebastian N. (2011). Colonization after Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-82621909-1.
- McDougall, Harold A. (1979–1980). "Black Landowners Beware: A Proposal for Statutory Reform" (PDF). Review of Law and Social Change (IX): 127–161.
- McFeely, William S. (1994). Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen. Yale University Press, 1968; Norton, 1994. ISBN 9780393311785.
- McKenzie, Robert Tracy (February 1993). "Freedmen and the Soil in the Upper South: The Reorganization of Tennessee Agriculture, 1865–1880". Journal of Southern History. 59 (1): 63–84. doi:10.2307/2210348. JSTOR 2210348. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Medford, Edna Greene (October 1992). "Land and Labor: The Quest for Black Economic Independence on Virginia's Lower Peninsula, 1865–1880". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 100 (4): 567–582. JSTOR 4249314. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Mitchell, Thomas W. (2001). "From Reconstruction to Deconstruction: Undermining Black Landownership, Political Independence, and Community Through Partition Sales of Tenancies in Common". Northwestern University Law Review. 95 (2).. Originally printed as University of Wisconsin–Madison Land Tenure Center (March 2000). Research Paper #132. Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison. ISBN 0-934519-81-1. Archived from the original on 2024-07-08. Retrieved 2025-07-13.
- Otabor, Charlotte; Nembhard, Jessica Gordon (January 2012). "The Great Recession and Land and Housing Loss in African American Communities: Case Studies from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi" (PDF). Howard University Center on Race and Wealth, Working Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Oubre, Claude F. (1978). Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Land Ownership. Louisiana State University Press.
- Page, Sebastian N. (2011). "Lincoln and Chiriquí Colonization Revisited". American Nineteenth Century History. 12 (3): 289–325. doi:10.1080/14664658.2011.626160. S2CID 143566173.
- Reid, Dbra A. and Evan P. Bennett (2012). Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
- Rose, Willie Lee (1964). Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
- Saville, Julie (1994). The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860–1870. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36221-0.
- Voegeli, V. Jacque (November 2003). "A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern 'Contrabands' at the Dawn of Emancipation". Journal of Southern History. 69 (4): 765–790. doi:10.2307/30040096. JSTOR 30040096. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Webster, Laura Josephine (January 1916). The Operation of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina. Vol. 1. Smith College Studies in History.
- Williamson, Joel (1965). After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877. University of North Carolina Press.
- Wilson, Theodore Brantner (1965). The Black Codes of the South. University of Alabama Press.Ta̱mpi̱let:ISBN?
- Woodson, Carter G. (1925). Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States together with a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
Kyang A̱tausa
[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]- Bills and Resolutions, Senate, 39th Congress, 1st Session Bill 60, Library of Congress.
- Significant Dates on Black Land Loss – from Federation of Southern Cooperatives Land Assistance Fund
- The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
- "Colonization by the Numbers", Phillip W. Magness
- Lizzie Grant, Gullah Resident of Harris Neck, photographed by Lorenzo Dow Turner around 1933.
Ta̱mpi̱let:American Civil War Ta̱mpi̱let:Florida in the Civil War Ta̱mpi̱let:Reconstruction era
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