Nwuan a̱tyin ka a li Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:Harvard citation no brackets/doc

{{lua|Module:Footnotes}}
{{high-use|32331}}
{{Documentation subpage}}
Template '''harvnb''' creates a short [[WP:Harvard reference|author–date citation]] with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

{{Harvard citation documentation|harvnb}}

<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||
<!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata -->
[[Category:Author–date citation templates]]
}}</includeonly>
<templatedata>
{
	"params": {
		"last1": {
			"label": "Last Name 1",
			"description": "surname of first author or corporate author",
			"type": "string",
			"required": true
		},
		"year": {
			"label": "Year",
			"description": "four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter",
			"example": "2022",
			"type": "date",
			"required": true
		},
		"last2": {
			"label": "Last Name 2",
			"description": "positional parameters; surnames of next three authors",
			"type": "string"
		},
		"last3": {
			"label": "Last Name 3",
			"description": "positional parameters; surnames of next three authors",
			"type": "string"
		},
		"last4": {
			"label": "Last Name 4",
			"description": "positional parameters; surnames of next three authors",
			"type": "string"
		},
		"p": {
			"aliases": [
				"page"
			],
			"label": "Page Number",
			"description": "specific page referenced in the source",
			"example": "1",
			"type": "number",
			"suggested": true
		},
		"pp": {
			"label": "Pages",
			"description": "comma-separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source",
			"example": "2, 3",
			"type": "number"
		},
		"loc": {
			"aliases": [
				"location"
			],
			"label": "Location",
			"description": "in-source location when \"|p=\" and \"|pp=\" are inappropriate; may be used to supplement \"|p=\" and \"|pp=\"; information such as a section or figure number."
		}
	}
}
</templatedata>

==Usage==
{{{1}}} generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

<div style="margin-left: 2em"><code>{{#if:{{{noref|}}}||<nowiki><ref></nowiki>}}{{{{{1}}} | &lt;{{var|last1}}*> | &lt;{{var|last2}}> | &lt;{{var|last3}}> | &lt;{{var|last4}}> | &lt;{{var|year}}*> | p= &lt;{{var|page}}> | loc= &lt;{{var|location}}> &#125;&#125;{{#if:{{{noref|}}}||<nowiki></ref></nowiki>}}</code></div>

with
* &lt;{{var|last1}}> – required; surname of first author or corporate author
* &lt;{{var|last2}}>–&lt;{{var|last4}}> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors
* &lt;{{var|year}}> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter
* {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source
* {{para|pp}} – comma-separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source 
* {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number.

Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link -- clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section.

{{#if:{{{noref|}}}|

Template {{{1}}} is not placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place {{{1}}} in a footnote, see [[#A citation inside an explanatory footnote|putting a citation inside a footnote]], below.)
{{markup|<nowiki>
Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}
More article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}
Still more article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=26}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2020
 | title = Smith's Book
}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}
More article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}
Still more article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=26}}

{{fake notes and references||}}
{{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2020
 | title = Smith's Book
}}}}|

Template {{{1}}} is placed inside {{tag|ref}} tags to create {{sfnote|lc=y}}. (Using {{{1}}} outside of {{tag|ref}} tags [[WP:PARREF|was deprecated in September 2020]]).
{{markup|<nowiki>
Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>
More article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>
Still more article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=26}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2020
 | title = Smith's Book
}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}}}
More article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}}}
Still more article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=26}}}}

{{fake notes and references||}}
{{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2020
 | title = Smith's Book
}}}}

}}

===Parameters===

====Author(s) and year====
The author and the year of publication are the only required parameters. Up to four authors can be given as parameters. 

The [[#Possible issues|possible issues]] section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as [[#Large number of authors|large number of authors]], [[#No author name in citation template|no author name]], [[#More than one work in a year|multiple works in the same year]], [[#More than one author with the same last name|multiple authors with same last name]] and others. 

{{#if:{{{noref|}}}|
{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}<br />
{{reflist}}
}}|{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki> 
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki>           
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki>      
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki>
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
}}
}}

====Location in the source text====
The optional parameters {{para|p}}, {{para|pp}} and {{para|loc}} can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use {{para|p}}; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use {{para|pp}}. Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]]. {{para|loc}} can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters {{para|page}} and {{para|pages}} exist as aliases for {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}, respectively.

{{#if:{{{noref|}}}|
{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}</nowiki>
|Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}<br />
{{reflist}}
}}
|
{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref></nowiki>         
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|p=25}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</ref></nowiki>     
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}</ref></nowiki>  
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{</nowiki>{{{1}}}<nowiki>|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}</ref></nowiki>
|Article text.{{#tag:ref|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}}}<br />
{{reflist}}
}}
}}

====Additional text====
The optional parameter {{para|postscript}} or {{para|ps}} can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Adding additional comments or quotes]] and [[#No closing period|§ No closing period]], below.) The postscript is only effective the first time {{tl2|sfn}} is used for a particular author, year and location.

====Hard-coded link names====
''Not available in {{tl2|sfn}} and similar templates.''

The optional parameter {{para|ref}} is used to create a unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use {{tl2|sfnRef}} or {{tl2|harvid}} in the reference section.  If you specify {{para|ref|none}}, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter {{para|Ref}} is an alias for {{para|ref}}.

==Possible issues==
{{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}}
=== Adding additional comments or quotes ===
The templates {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. This effect can also be achieved using {{tl2|sfn}} by adding a quote or comment to {{para|loc}}. Examples are below.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref>
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>
"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref>
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>
Some information.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=p. 2: "A quote verifying the information"}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
Some information.{{sfn|Smith|2011|loc=p. 2: "A quote verifying the information"}}
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{lang|la|Nota bene}}: In the past, the use of {{para|ps}} has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more {{tlc|sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content}}}} message.  This message happens because the reference names that {{tlc|sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name="FOOTNOTE..."|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different.  A workaround is to convert one or some of the {{tlc|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags.

===Adding a URL for the page or location===
If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number.
{{markup
|<nowiki>{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org chpt 3]}}</nowiki>
|{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org chpt 3]}}
|<nowiki>{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org &amp;sect;7]}}</nowiki>
|{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org §7]}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[http://en.wikipedia.org 3]}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's
other book }}</nowiki>
|{{Fake notes and references
|Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[http://en.wikipedia.org 3]}}
|* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's other book }}
}}}}

===A citation inside an explanatory footnote===

Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like {{tl1|sfn}} can't be directly imbedded between {{tag|ref}} tags, because the following message will be produced: {{small|{{error|Cite error references missing group||nocat=true}}}}.

The templates {{tl1|efn}} and {{tl1|notelist}} can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is [[Chinese Room]]. 

It is also possible to use the [[magic word]] <code><nowiki>{{#tag:ref|...}}</nowiki></code> and the {{tl|sfn}} template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book 
| last = Smith 
| date = 2018 
| title = Smith's other book }}
</nowiki>|
Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}}

{{fake heading|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|Citations}}
{{reflist}}

{{fake heading|References}}
* {{cite book 
| last = Smith 
| date = 2018 
| title = Smith's other book }}
|<nowiki>
Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book 
| last = Smith 
| date = 2017
| title = Smith's other book }}
</nowiki>|
Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}}

{{fake heading|Notes}}
{{reflist}}

{{fake heading|References}}
* {{cite book 
| last = Smith 
| date = 2017 
| title = Smith's other book }}
}}

====Multiple lists of inline citations====
Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see [[Template:Houston family tree]] and the article [[Margaret Lea Houston]]).

To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{tlx|efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a  long citation template such as {{tlx|cite book}} place {{tlx|harvnb}} or {{tlx|harv}} within the efn template. 

{{markup
|<nowiki>
...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref>

==Family Tree==
He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }}

===FT notes===
{{notelist-lg}}

===FT references===
*{{citation
|last=Latham
|first=Dwight
|date=1947
|title=The Adams family}}

==See also==
[[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation 
|last=Smith 
|date=2018 
|title=Smith's other book}}
</nowiki>|
...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref>

{{fake heading|Family Tree}}
He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }}

<small>{{fake heading|FT notes}}</small>
{{notelist-lg}}

<small>{{fake heading|FT references}}</small>
*{{citation
|last=Latham
|first=Dwight
|date=1947
|title=The Adams family}}


{{fake heading|See also}}
[[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref>

{{fake heading|Notes}}
{{Reflist}}

{{fake heading|References}}
* {{citation 
|last=Smith 
|date=2018 
|title=Smith's other book }}
}}

===More than one work in a year===
Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the {{tlc|sfn}} template (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006b}}). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}</nowiki></code>).

====Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1====
When {{tlc|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} (see exception [[#NB_YEAR|below]]). If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the <code>CITEREF</code> anchor to be compliant with legacy citations.
:{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates
:{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates
:{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates
:{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates
:{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates
:{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}f}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}f}}: year ranges
:{{para|date|n.d.e}}: no date (n.d.)
:{{anchor|NB_YEAR}}<s>{{para|date|2013x-11-09}}</s>: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013x}}. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: {{para|date|2013-11-09}} {{para|year|2013x}}. In this case, {{para|date}} is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and {{para|year}} for link disambiguation.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}}
More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
|last=Smith
|first=Karen
|date=January 1993a
|title=Smith's first paper
|journal=Important Journal
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Smith
|first=Karen
|date=Spring–Summer 1993b
|title=Smith's second paper
|journal=Another Important Journal
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
|Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}}
More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}}
|* {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=January 1993a|title=Smith's first paper|journal=Important Journal}}
* {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Karen|date=Spring–Summer 1993b|title=Smith's second paper|journal=Another Important Journal}}
}}}}

=== More than one author with the same last name ===
The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both [[Richard Bushman]] and [[Claudia Lauper Bushman]] published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".

===Large number of authors===
Only the first four authors are required by the template. Listing more is not supported. It is also possible to use the {{para|ref|{{tl|harvid}}}} in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| date = 1994
| title = Scientific paper written by
many scientists
| journal = Important Journal
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
|Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref>
|
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| date = 1994
| title = Scientific paper written by many scientists
| journal = Important Journal}}
}}
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| date = 1995
| title = Another paper by many scientists
| journal = Important Journal
| ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}}
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
|Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref>
|
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| date = 1995
| title = Another paper by many scientists
| journal = Important Journal
| ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}}
}}
}}}}

===No author name in citation template===
Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:
# For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.
# For a publication by an institution, use either:
## The initials of the institution
## The name of the institution
# Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.
# Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."
An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using {{para|ref|{{tl|harvid}}}} in the citation template can handle these cases.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| title = Important Book
| date = 1996
| publisher = Big Government Institution
| ref = {{harvid|BGI|1996}}
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
|Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}}
|* {{cite book
| title = Important Book
| date = 1996
| publisher = Big Government Institution
| ref = {{harvid|BGI|1996}}
}}}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite magazine
| magazine = Popular Magazine
| title = An Article by an Anonymous Author
| date = 1996
| ref = {{harvid|Popular Magazine|1996}}
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
|Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}}
|* {{cite magazine
| magazine = Popular Magazine
| title = An Article by an Anonymous Author
| date = 1996
| ref = {{harvid|Popular Magazine|1996}}
}}}}}}

===Citation has <code>|date=</code> and no <code>|year=</code>===
Either the {{para|date}} or {{para|year}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = 11 May 1997
| title = Smith's 1997 paper
| journal= Important Journal
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}}
|* {{cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = 11 May 1997
| title = Smith's 1997 paper
| journal= Important Journal
}}}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = May 1998
| title = Smith's 1998 paper
| journal= Important Journal
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}}
|* {{cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = May 1998
| title = Smith's 1998 paper
| journal= Important Journal
}}}}}}

===Using {{{1}}} with [[Template:vcite|<code><nowiki>{{vcite}}</nowiki></code>]]===
The {{vcite}} family of templates use parameter {{para|harvid}} to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{vcite book
| author = Smith K
| date = 1999
| title = Smith's 1999 Book
| harvid = Smith1999
}}</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
| Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}}
|* {{vcite book
| author = Smith K
| date = 1999
| title = Smith's 1999 Book
| harvid = Smith1999
}}}}}}

===Citation format does not support anchors: [[Template:wikicite|<code><nowiki>{{wikicite}}</nowiki></code>]]===
In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the {{para|ref}} parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove {{tl2|harv}} or {{tl2|sfn}}, leaving plain text without links.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{wikicite
 | reference = {{cite report
 | title=Important Government Report
 | publisher=Big Government Agency
 | date=1999
 }}
 | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}}
}}
</nowiki>

|{{fake notes and references
| Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}}
|* {{wikicite
| reference = {{cite report
 | title=Important Government Report
 | publisher=Big Government Agency
 | date=1999
}}
| ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}}
}}}}
|<nowiki>Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{wikicite
| reference = A source that can't be described
using our citation templates at all.
| ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}}
}}
</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
| Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}}
|* {{wikicite
| reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.
| ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}}
}}}}}}

It is also possible to use {{tag|cite|o}} to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with [[HTML 5]].

===Citation has multiple authors and no date===
The templates assume that the last unnamed parameter is the year. Where there are multiple authors and no year, the template will form a correct link but will display the last author as if it were a year.  To force the displayed text to show all authors as names, the following workaround may be used:
{{markup
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>[[#{{harvid|Lane|Singh}}|Lane & Singh]]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation
  | last = Lane
  | first = Kieran
  | last2 = Singh
  | first2 = Karun
  | title = Richard Watts
  | work = Richard Watts Charities
  | url = http://www.richardwatts.org.uk/richardwatts1.html
  | access-date = 21 June 2012
  }}
</nowiki>
|{{fake notes and references
| Article text.<ref>[[#{{harvid|Lane|Singh}}|Lane & Singh]]</ref>
|* {{citation
  | last = Lane
  | first = Kieran
  | last2 = Singh
  | first2 = Karun
  | title = Richard Watts
  | work = Richard Watts Charities
  | url = http://www.richardwatts.org.uk/richardwatts1.html
  | access-date = 21 June 2012
  }}}}}}

{{anchor|No closing period}}
=== No closing period: <code>|ps=none</code> ===

Using {{para|ps|none}} in {{tl2|sfn}} removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with [[Help:Citation_Style_2|Citation style 2]], as produced by {{tl2|Citation}}, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time {{tl2|sfn}} is used for a particular author, year, and location. {{para|ps|}} will also suppress terminal punctuation. Follow-on editors who encounter 'empty' parameters can't know if a previous editor intended to leave that parameter blank. Using the keyword none is a positive indication of the previous editor's intent.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}}
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Wikilink to citation does not work===
If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:
# The correct citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with {{tl2|citation not found}}.
# The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
## The Harvard citation uses a template (such as {{tl2|sfn}} or {{tl2|harv}}):
### The citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]:
#### The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation. '''Solution''': check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations.
#### The year is different here than the citation. '''Solution''': check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations.
#### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)
#### The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': check that {{para|ref|{{tl|harvid|''args''}}}} is set correctly (see below).
### The citation uses a [[Help:Citation Style Vancouver|Citation Style Vancouver]] template. '''Solution''': check that {{para|harvid}} is set correctly (see below).
### The citation uses a template that does not support {{para|ref}} (See [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]). '''Solution''': Consider modifying the template to support {{para|ref}}. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using <code><nowiki>{{wikicite|id={{harvid|</nowiki>''args''<nowiki>}}|reference={{</nowiki>''citation''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code>.
### The full citation does not use a template:
#### It has no wikicode to create an anchor. '''Solution''': If {{cite *}} citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add {{cite *}} templates and {{tl2|harv}} templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use {{tl2|wikicite}} to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.
#### It uses a {{tag|cite}} span to create an anchor. '''Solution''': remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the  recommendation immediately above.
#### It uses {{tl2|wikicite}}. '''Solution''': Check that the text in {{para|id|{{tl|harvid|''args''}}}} matches the text in {{tl2|wikicite}}.
## If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as <code><nowiki>[[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]</nowiki></code>:
### The citation uses a citation template which supports {{para|ref}} (See [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]). '''Solution''': Check that {{para|ref}} is set to a matching id.
### Otherwise, check that the reference has <code><nowiki>{{wikicite|ref=</nowiki>''id''<nowiki>|reference=</nowiki>''citation''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> with a matching id.

Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}.

===Link works but displays a no target error===
When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{txl|cite DNB}} (which wraps {{txl|cite encyclopedia}}), a {{error-small|no target}} error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppresed by adding {{para|ignore-err|yes}} to the template.

==Other author–date citation templates==
There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ In-text templates
! Templates !! Aliases !! Example
|-
|{{tl2|Harvard citation no brackets}} || {{tl2|harvnb}} || {{harvnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvard citation}} || {{tl2|harv}} || {{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvard citation text}} || {{tl2|harvtxt}} || {{harvtxt|Smith|2006|p=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvcoltxt}} || || {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|2006|p=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvcol}} || || {{Harvcol|Smith|2006|p=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvcolnb}} || || {{Harvcolnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvard citations}} || {{tl2|harvs}} || {{harvs|txt=yes|last=Smith|first=John|year1=2006| year2=2007|page=25}} ''(and many other forms)''.
|-
| {{tl2|Harvp}} || || {{harvp|Smith|2006|page=25}}
|-
| {{tl2|Harvc}} || {{tl2|Citec}} || (Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work)<br />Article text.{{sfn|Stout|Johnson|1957}} More article text.{{sfn|Wadleigh|1957}} Even more article text.<ref>[[#Stefferud preface|Stefferud 1957]]</ref>
'''References'''
{{reflist}}
'''Sources'''
* {{cite book|title=Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957|editor-last=Stefferud|editor-first=Alfred|date=1957|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|url=//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n2/mode/1up|oclc=704186906}}
** {{harvc|last=Stefferud|first=A.|year=1957|id=Stefferud preface |c=Preface |url=//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n7/mode/1up |in=Stefferud |ignore-err=yes}}
** {{harvc|last1=Stout|first1=P. R.|last2=Johnson|first2=C. M.|year=1957|c=Trace Elements |url=//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n167/mode/1up |in=Stefferud |ignore-err=yes}}
** {{harvc|last=Wadleigh|first=C. H.|year=1957 |c=Growth of Plants |url=//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n57/mode/1up |in=Stefferud |ignore-err=yes}}
|-
|{{tl2|Shortened footnote template}}|| {{tl2|sfn}} || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}}
|-
|{{tl2|Sfnp}} || || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2006|p=25}} <br /> {{Reflist}}
|-
|{{tl2|Sfnm}} || || Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Jones|1a3=Brown|la4=Black|1y=2005|1p=15|2a1=Smith|2y=2006|2p=50}} <br /> {{Reflist}}
|-
|{{tl2|Sfnmp}} || || Article text.{{sfnmp|1a1=Smith|1a2=Jones|1a3=Brown|la4=Black|1y=2005|1p=15|2a1=Smith|2y=2006|2p=50}} <br /> {{Reflist}}
|}

Full citations can be created manually or by templates:

* {{cs1}} templates
* {{tl2|citation}}

All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of {{tl2|sfnm}} and {{tl2|harvs}}; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.

===Applications of these templates===
====Harvard citation: [[Template:harv|<code><nowiki>{{harv}}</nowiki></code>]]====
<!--{{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}}-->

Template {{tl2|harv}} creates a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical reference]] with a link to the full citation in the references section at the bottom of the article.

{{Markup
|<nowiki>Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | title = Smith's book
 | date = 2006
}}</nowiki>
|
Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref>

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=John|title=Smith's book|date=2006}}
}}

{{anchor|Shortened footnote}}
====Shortened footnote: [[Template:sfn|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code>]] or [[Template:harvnb|<code><nowiki>{{harvnb}}</nowiki></code>]]====
{{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Short citations|Help:Shortened footnotes}}

Template {{tl2|harvnb}} inside a {{tag|ref|o}} span can be used to create a [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnote]] that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template {{tl2|sfn}} (without the use of {{tag|ref|o}}) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically.

{{markup|<nowiki>
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2007
 | title = Smith's Book
}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}}
{{fake notes and references||}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2007
 | title = Smith's Book
}}

|<nowiki>
Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref>
More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/>
Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2008
 | title = Smith's Book
}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.<ref name=Smith2007p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref>
More article text.<ref name=Smith2007p25/>
Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref>

{{fake notes and references||}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2008
 | title = Smith's Book
}}

}}

====In text attribution: [[Template:harvtxt|<code><nowiki>{{harvtxt}}</nowiki></code>]]====
{{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}}

Template {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to link an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|in-text attribution]] to the full citation at the bottom of the page.
{{markup
|<nowiki>According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ...

==References==
* {{citation
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2009
 | title = Smith's Book
}}
</nowiki>
|
According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ...
{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}}
* {{citation
| last = Smith | first = John
| date = 2009
| title = Smith's Book
}}
}}

====Bundled citation: [[Template:harvnb|<code><nowiki>{{harvnb}}</nowiki></code>]] or [[Template:sfnm|<code><nowiki>{{sfnm}}</nowiki></code>]]====
{{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}}
Template {{tl2|harvnb}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{tl2|sfnm}} also produces bundled citations.

{{markup|<nowiki>
Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).
</nowiki>|
Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).
|<nowiki>
Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>
</nowiki>
|Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
<references />
|<nowiki>
Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}
</nowiki>
|Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
<references />
|<nowiki>
==References==
* {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}}
* {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}}
</nowiki>
|{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}}
* {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John |date = 2010 |title = Smith's book }}
* {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary |date = 2010 |title = Jones' book }}
}}

Note that {{tl2|sfn}} is inappropriate for bundled citations; use {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|sfnm}}.

====More exotic Harvard citations: [[Template:harvid|<code><nowiki>{{harvid}}</nowiki></code>]] or [[Template:harvs|<code><nowiki>{{harvs}}</nowiki></code>]]====
{{Main|Template:Harvard citations|Template:harvid}}

More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom <code><nowiki>[[#{{harvid|</nowiki></code>''parameters''<code><nowiki>}}|</nowiki></code>''link name''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code>. ({{tl|citeref}} is a wrapper for {{tl|harvid}} making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript<sup>[n]</sup> or plain-text label styles.)

{{markup|<nowiki>
The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.
</nowiki>|
The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.
|<nowiki>
The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]).
</nowiki>|
The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]).
|<nowiki>
== References ==
* {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}}
* {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}}
* {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}}
</nowiki>|
{{fake header|sub=3|References}}
* {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }}
* {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }}
* {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | date=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }}
}}

Some articles use this idiom <code><nowiki>[[#CITEREF</nowiki></code>''id ''|'' link name ''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code>. See notes on [[#Implementation notes|implementation details]] below.

===Variations===
==== Using colon format: {{tl2|harvcol}}, {{tl2|harvcolnb}}, {{tl2|harvcoltxt}} ====
Templates {{tl2|harvcol}}, {{tl2|harvcolnb}}, and {{tl2|harvcoltxt}} use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

{{markup
|<nowiki>{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}}</nowiki>|{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}}
|<nowiki>{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}}</nowiki>|{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}}
|<nowiki>{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}}</nowiki>|{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}}
|<nowiki>{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}}</nowiki>|{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}}
|<nowiki>{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}}</nowiki>|{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=chpt. 3}}}}

==== Parentheses around the year: [[Template:sfnp|<code><nowiki>{{sfnp}}</nowiki></code>]] and [[Template:harvp|<code><nowiki>{{harvp}}</nowiki></code>]] ====

Template {{tl2|sfnp}} puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}}
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
|<nowiki>
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
{{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Similarly, in order to mimic {{cs1}} citations, template {{tl2|harvp}} puts parentheses around the year.
{{markup
|<nowiki>{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}}</nowiki>|{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}}
}}

==Tracking categories==
{{clc|Pages using sfn with unknown parameters}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>