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Romaniya (a̱lyem)

A̱ka̱fwuop njhyuk
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(Á̱ bwuak ndyo neet mi̱ vak Romaniya language)
Romaniya
natural language, modern language
TafaEastern Romance Jhyuk
A̱lyoot a̱lyem a̱byinlimba română, românește‎ Jhyuk
A̱lyoot da̱nianA̱romaniya Jhyuk
A̱byinRomaniya, Ma̱li̱dova, Sa̱ri̱bya, Yuki̱ren Jhyuk
Indigenous toRomaniya, Ma̱li̱dova Jhyuk
Has grammatical gendermasculine, feminine, neuter Jhyuk
Lyuutlyuut Lati̱n Jhyuk
Language regulatory bodyRomanian Academy Jhyuk
Ethnologue language status1 National Jhyuk
Á̱ fang ma̱Romanian studies Jhyuk
Described at URLhttps://afbo.info/languages/125 Jhyuk
Nkhanghistory of the Romanian language Jhyuk
Sa a̱meangCategory:Romanian pronunciation Jhyuk
Entry in abbreviations tableрум. Jhyuk
Stack Exchange taghttps://linguistics.stackexchange.com/tags/romanian Jhyuk
Wikimedia language codero Jhyuk
Byin-a̱byin ghyang neet mi̱ Bukha̱ret, Romaniya lyiat da̱ a̱lyem Romaniya. Zwa-a̱lyem Romaniya neet mi̱ Bukha̱ret ja yet a̱lyem-kidee Romaniya ka (neet di̱ fam-a̱byin Munteniya, kap Valahya gbangbang).

Romaniya (a̱lyoot a̱pyia̱: limba română [ˈlimba roˈmɨnə] (fa̱k), ku românește, ca̱c. 'mi̱ Romaniya') kya yet a̱lyem a̱gwomna̱ti ma̱ng a̱tsak a̱lyem Romaniya ma̱ng Ma̱li̱dova ka. A̱lyem Romaniya yet kap a̱bansa Roman A̱tyin a̱si̱ Lilyem Roman hu, sot lilyem ji̱ ghwut neet a̱balilyem A̱bun Lati̱n ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t a̱ni ku ku tyat neet di̱ lilyem Roman Jenshyung da̱ a̱cak a̱yaasa̱ncuri 5 ma̱ng 8 ba.[1] Mat á̱ ghai nka di̱ lilyem Roman A̱tyin hu a̱ni, di̱ maai lilyem á̱ ngyei nka Dakya-Romaniya zan ma̱ng a̱na̱nyiuk kpa̱mkpaan nka wu, Aromaniya, Romaniya-Megi̱leno, ma̱ng Romaniya-Iti̱riya. Nang a̱da̱dei a̱lyem, á̱ ka ndyiat nka di̱ndi̱ng mi̱ susot-á̱niet mi̱ bibyin ku keang nka a̱ni. Romaniya (Buli̱gariya, Honggi̱ri, Sa̱ri̱bya ma̱ng Yuki̱ren), ma̱ng a̱mgba̱m A̱romaniya nta ba. Ma̱ a̱kuu, á̱niet ba̱ lyiat a̱lyem ka nang L1+L2 a̱ni na shyia̱ tsi̱tsak milyon 28 ma̱ng 29, a̱wot a̱mami, kpa̱mkpaan ma̱ng á̱niet miliyon 24 yet byin-a̱byin hwa. Di̱ Yurop, a̱lyem Romaniya kyiak yet 10 mi̱ shi a̱mami lilyem a̱gwomna̱ti 37 hu.[2]

Á̱ ku ngyei a̱lyem Romaniya Ma̱li̱dova mi̱ Ma̱li̱dova, shimba Kotu Khwi Kpa Cam Ma̱li̱dova hu ku faat a̱lyiat ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 2013 nyia̱ "a̱lyem a̱gwomna̱ti Ma̱li̱dova kikya yet a̱lyem Romaniya".[lower-alpha 1] Ma̱ a̱tuk 16 Zwat Tsat 2023, A̱likpacam Ma̱li̱dova ka si̱ shim cam ji̱ tak nyia̱ a̱lyem a̱byin ka, kikya yet a̱lyem Romaniya mi̱ kuzang lyuut kpaat cam ma̱ng kpa̱m cám a̱byin hu. Ma̱ a̱tuk 22 Zwat Tsat, a̱kwak a̱son a̱byin Ma̱li̱dova, Maia Sandu, si̱ shei cam ji kpa̱sai.[3]

Nam-a̱lyiat

[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]

Nkhang a̱lyem Romaniya na ku tsa di̱ a̱yaapi̱rovin Rom ba̱ shyia̱ di̱ fam a̱za Lang Jireček huhwa di̱n jen gbangbang a̱wot á̱ si̱ mbyia̱ á̱di̱dam a̱tat tazwa a̱ca̱caat a̱vwuo ka: ta̱si̱t byin-a̱byin ji (nyia̱ ji̱ ku tsa di̱ fam a̱zamyian Da̱nube Da̱kya hwa ma̱nyin.), ta̱si̱t nwai-ya-a̱son ji (nyia̱ ji̱ ku tsa di̱ nfam a̱yaapi̱rovin a̱zayak Da̱nube nia ma̱nyin), ma̱ng ta̱si̱t "a̱wot-á̱-si̱-mbyia̱" ji ji̱ li̱n a̱ma nyia̱ a̱lyem ka ku tsa di̱ nfam nfeang Da̱nube ni̱nia.[4] Tsi̱tsak a̱yaasa̱ncuri 6 ma̱ng 8, a̱ma̱lyim kpa̱m taada lyiat da̱ a̱lyem a̱byin ka nang á̱ ku ci̱t a̱ni dạ a̱gba̱ndang fam-a̱byin wuni a̱wot, naat ma̱ a̱badi̱gi̱ri, fuut nta neet ma̱ á̱tsak a̱balilyem a̱byin ba, a̱wot ma̱nang shi cet tyok a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱ Rom hu ku ghyuai a̱ni a̱lyem ka si̱ shai ka̱ bai tyia̱ a̱lyem Romaniya Tai ka. A̱lyem-pi̱roto kani si̱ bai kpa̱mkpaan ma̱ng lilyem Si̱lavik a̱wot ka̱ sii du ka̱u a̱feang si̱ tyia lilyem Aromania, Romaniya-Megi̱leno, Romaniya-Iti̱riya, ma̱ng Romaniya-Da̱kya.[5][6] Mat sang lyuut lyulyuut tsi̱tsak a̱yaasa̱ncuri 6 ma̱ng 16 da̱ á̱niet bani, á̱nietzop si̱ bu nok tak ti̱tak shyiak nkhang mba hu, nci̱ri̱ng ma̱ng á̱di̱dam naat mbwuot ma̱ng jen nyia̱ ji a̱wot a̱gi̱gak njen ba̱ si̱ sang a̱ca̱caat a̱swap.[7]

Kyiak neet mi̱ sa̱ncuri 12 ku 13 wu, á̱ si̱ ta̱bat lyuut a̱yaadokyumen a̱gwomna̱ti ma̱ng lyuut khwi da̱ a̱lyem Si̱lavonik Cot Gbangbang ka, a̱lyem a̱kya ka̱ ku byia̱ tangka̱i shi hu nang Lati̱n A̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱ ku byia̱ a̱ni di̱ fam Yurop Jenshyung. Wusika nang á̱ ku lyuut da̱ a̱lyem Romaniya ji̱ laai khwop a̱ swak kuzang nji a̱ni ja yet wusika ji nang á̱ lyuut ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1521 ma̱ng zwunzwuo lyuut Ki̱rilyut ji a̱ni, ba̱ng si̱ tat di̱ jhyi sa̱ncuri 18 wu, mbeang jen byi̱k tsot nkwaa̱mbwat, á̱ ku nyia̱ nta̱m ma̱ng zwunzwuo-a̱lyem a̱ja ja. A̱ma̱lyim a̱lyia̱ 1780, jen a̱fwun ji si̱ kin ntsa di̱ nkhang a̱lyem na, kyiak neet mi̱ lyuut nkwaa̱mbwat a̱gi̱rama ntsa nka, da̱nang Zwunzwuo-a̱lyem Lati̱n ji si̱ bai yet si̱ a̱gwomna̱ti, á̱ si̱ bwuo a̱lyem kidee neet da̱ a̱lyem lyuut ka, a̱wot swáng a̱lyiat ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t neet di̱ Lati̱n A̱fwun ji ma̱ng Lilyem Roman ghyáng si̱ kin nnwuo la̱kzi̱t ji.

Ma̱nang a̱lyem ka shyiak a̱ni kyiak neet mi̱ kyang ku lat swáng a̱lyiat 2,500 nang á̱ ku lyuut tazwa a̱ni neet mi̱ di̱ Ngaan Ce Gbangbang hu ku si̱ ba̱ng bai a̱gban swáng a̱lyiat a̱ byia̱ kyang ku swak swáng a̱lyiat 150,000 ma̱nang ku ndi a̱zafwun a̱ni,[8] a̱lyem Romaniya ku kai a̱pyia̱ nka a̱ ghwon swáng a̱lyiat neet di̱ lilyem ghyáng ji̱ nwuo ma̱ nka ba̱t, a̱wot si̱ huni si̱ ma ntak si̱sak nang a̱lyem Ti̱rako-Da̱kya, lilyem Si̱lap (mbeang Si̱lavonik Gbangbang, a̱lyem Sa̱ri̱bya, a̱lyem Buli̱gariya, a̱lyem Yuki̱ren, ma̱ng a̱lyem Roshiya), Helen, Honggi̱ri, Jaman, a̱lyem Turukya, ma̱ng lilyem ghyáng ku yet kídee taada nka mi̱ di̱n jen ma̱ng a̱ma̱lyim njen Ce Tat-a̱pyia̱ ka, ma̱ a̱tsatsak nang a̱lyem Fi̱ransa ku myim ma̱ng a̱nka a̱ni.[9] Tangka̱i za̱kwa khwuat swáng a̱lyiat lilyem jhyang huni si̱ kin ngya a̱son a̱fwun ma̱ng nwuai ma̱ng swáng a̱lyiat Nggi̱li̱t.[10]

A̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱nia, ku nang a̱mgba̱m a̱gban swáng a̱lyiat ji ku nwuan swáng a̱lyiat nta ma̱ng byi̱k byi̱byi̱k a̱mami a̱ni, ca̱caat ma̱ng nkhang ma̱ng shyit sot-á̱niet hu mbeang tat-a̱pyia̱ di̱ nkyai nfa swáng a̱lyiat, a̱gban swáng a̱lyiat kuntyin wu—a̱tsak swáng a̱lyiat nang á̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng a̱ni mi̱ da̱ a̱lyiat kuzangmam—ni̱ nkai a̱kwa ka nang á̱ ku ci̱t neet da̱ a̱vwuo Lati̱n nang á̱ ku lyiat da̱ a̱yaapi̱rovin Rom ba̱ hyia̱k Da̱nube kya a̱ni, nang á̱ si̱ mi̱n dyiat a̱tyong a̱lyiat jhyiung a̱wot á̱ si̱ nfi̱k kyang hu a̱yin lyiat a̱ni bah.[11]

Nkhang

[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]
A̱tsak ati̱kut: Nkhang a̱lyem Romaniya

Romaniya Konyan

[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]
A̱tsak ati̱kut: Lilyem Pi̱roto-Romaniya
Bu nwuan: Slavic superstratum in Romanian and Substrate in Romanian

A̱lyem Romaniya ku cyok a̱ neet A̱bun Lati̱n wu wa nang á̱ ku lyiat di̱ a̱yaapi̱rovin Rom ba̱ shyia̱ di̱ fam A̱tak-a̱tyin Yurop a̱ni [12] fam a̱za Lang Jireček hu (tangka̱i gak a̱di̱dam nang á̱ ku sak tsi̱tsak shyit ntyok lilyem Lati̱n ma̱ng Helen hu).

Lyuut mi̱ lyuut

[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]
  1. ↑ The constitution of the Republic of Moldova referred to the country's language as Moldovan, whilst the 1991 Declaration of Independence named the official language Romanian. In December 2013, an official decision of the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Declaration of Independence takes precedence over the Constitution and that the state language is therefore Romanian, not 'Moldovan'. "Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'".

Ya̱fang

[jhyuk | jhyuk a̱tyin ka]
  1. ↑ "Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), II, Academia Română, Bucharest, 1969
  2. ↑ Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 1
  3. ↑ "Președinta Maia Sandu a promulgat Legea care confirmă că limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română" (in Romanian). Presidency of the Republic of Moldova. Astăzi am promulgat Legea care confirmă un adevăr istoric și incontestabil: limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română. [Today I have promulgated the law that confirms a historical and indisputable truth: the state language of the Republic of Moldova is Romanian.]
  4. ↑ Breu, Walter (23 Zwat Tsat 2022). "Romance in Contact with Slavic in Southern and South-Eastern Europe". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.449. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
  5. ↑ Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 13. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
  6. ↑ Brâncuș, Grigore (2005). Introducere în istoria limbii române] [Introduction to the History of Romanian Language]. Editura Fundației România de Mâine. p. 16. ISBN 973-725-219-5.
  7. ↑ Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, ngwat 3 ma̱ng 4.
  8. ↑ Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 44. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
  9. ↑ Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 231–250. ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5.
  10. ↑ Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 5
  11. ↑ Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
  12. ↑ Petrucci 1999, p. 4.

Nkwaa̱mbwat

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  • Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013). "Geography and Distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe". In Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Vol. 2: Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–334. ISBN 978-0-521-80073-0.
  • Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane.
  • Kahl, Thede, ed. (2009). Das Rumänische und seine Nachbarn (in German). Berlin: Frank & Timme.
  • Paliga, Sorin (2010). "When Could Be Dated the 'Earliest Slavic Borrowings in Romanian'?" (PDF). Romanoslavica (in English). 46 (4): 101–119.
  • Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian (in English). München: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 38-9586-599-0.
  • Rosetti, Alexandru (1965–1969). Istoria limbii române (in Romanian). Vol. 1–2. București: Editura științifică.
  • Hinrichs, Uwe, ed. (1999). Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

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